Pilgramage to Iceland

A few weeks ago I attended the International Joint Conference in Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) in Stockholm. It is one of the premier AI research conferences, and one that I have published in many times.

We traveled to Stockholm via Iceland, where I was delighted to get together with UAlberta alumni Yngvi Bjornsson, Bjorn Bjornsson, and Marius Olafsson.  Yngvi kindly toured us around, including helping me make a pilgrimage to the grave of Robert James Fischer -- Bobby Fisher, world chess champion 1972-1975. We do not need to go into the sad story of his life post his winning the world championship. However, to a young impressionable chess player in the early 1970s, Bobby was electrifying. He had to win every game, eschewing the easy draw. He played bold creative chess, resulting in numerous games of incredible beauty. He challenged the Soviet chess juggernaut -- and won. He was inspirational. I studied his games and dreamed of becoming the world chess champion.

Yngvi Bjornsson and Jonathan Schaeffer at the grave of Robert J. Fischer

I never came close to being world champion (although I am a ranked master). However, it motivated me to go into artificial intelligence research. If I could not be the world champion, then maybe I could build a program to be the world champion. I did not achieve that goal either (although my program Phoenix tied for first in the 1986 World Computer Chess Championship). Deep Blue came along and, well, the rest is history.

In the end I did become world champion: at checkers! Our checkers-playing program Chinook became the first program in any game to win a human world championship. And that would not have happened had I not been inspired by Bobby Fischer.

Not Even Bones

My daughter, Rebecca, decided at an early age (before 10 years old) that she would become a writer. As you might expect, I smiled at the thought that such a young person could know what she wanted to do in life.

Rebecca wrote her first full-length novel while still in high school. I was impressed with the story and the quality of her writing. She wasn't. She could do better, or so she said.

Over the years, Rebecca continued to refine her craft, including getting a writing degree from the University of British Columbia. Along the way she had a few short stories published and won a couple of awards. Great, so I thought, but how do you make a living from that?

In the Fall of 2016 she struck gold (figuratively, but I also hope literally): she attracted the interest of a major US book agent, and a few weeks later signed her first major publishing contract (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt). You can read about it here.

On September 4, the first book of Rebecca Schaeffer's trilogy appears. Last week the cover art was revealed. Not Even Bones is for young adults with an interest in fantasy and horror:

Nita doesn’t murder supernatural beings and sell their body parts on the internet—her mother does that. Nita just dissects the bodies after they’ve been “acquired.” Until her mom brings home a live specimen and orders Nita to start cutting off pieces. Dissecting a teenage boy who won’t stop begging for help is a step too far. Nita wants out. But when she decides to save her mother’s victim, she ends up sold in his place—because Nita herself isn’t exactly “human.”  She has the ability to alter her biology, an ability that is priceless on the black market. Locked in a cage of her own, she struggles to escape. And to do that, Nita must ask herself if she’s willing to become the worst kind of monster.

It makes for a great Christmas present... for you, your family, and your friends! Preorder your copy now on Amazon.ca.

Cover art for Not Even Bones

Alberta is Realizing the Value from Two Long-range Research Investments

In 2000, the Government of Alberta created Alberta Ingenuity, an organization to stimulate research in science and engineering (today it is called Alberta Innovates). One of their first initiatives was to create a program to fund research centers, areas where there was critical mass of world-class expertise in Alberta. In 2002, they announced their first two centers – in glycomics (studying the affects of sugar on the body’s chemistry) and machine learning (turning data into knowledge). These two centers, both housed in the Faculty of Science at the University of Alberta, continue to this day under the names of the Alberta Glycomics Centre (AGC, www.glycomicscentre.ca) and the Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute (Amii, www.amii.ca).

From 2002 to the present – 15 years – the Government of Alberta has continued to invest in both centers. This has happened despite many vicissitudes, including difficult financial times and changes in political direction.  This type of long-term support is unusual in academia. Far more common is one-time term-limited funding. Alberta Ingenuity/Innovates had faith in the quality of the people involved, and in the progress the centers were making towards achieving important new results and then turning this new technology into economic value.

Now in 2017 we can take stock of what has been achieved. AGC researchers have numerous patents, technology licensing agreements, and local spinoff companies. Further, AGC was the catalyst that united all academic glycomics research in Canada into a national organization, GlycoNet. GlycoNet is funded by Ottawa at roughly the $5M per year level, excluding substantial funding from numerous provinces and companies. The University of Alberta leads this National Centre of Excellence and much of the money stays in Alberta. We are proud of the truly world-class stature that this group has.

Amii has been doing groundbreaking research for years. For over 25 years, the University of Alberta has ranked 2nd or 3rd in the world in artificial intelligence (AI) research and its prominent sub-area of machine learning (ML). In the past year AI has suddenly become “hot”. The global demand for AI/ML experts is huge. In their recent budget, Ottawa decided to create a national AI initiative, of which $25M is now coming to the University of Alberta to grow Amii. Further major Canadian and international companies are lined up to partner with Amii. In January the Royal Bank announced they are setting up a research office in Edmonton. Soon you will hear more announcements of major international companies doing the same. The economic impact for Edmonton will be huge, including attracting companies to town, retaining superb scientists in Edmonton, and creating new spinoff companies. The Government wants to diversity the economy. Amii’s world-class stature is going to help achieve that goal.

This is a perfect example of the importance of long-term fundamental research. All too often, we see governments investing in “get payback quick” schemes that look good in the short-term (i.e., in time for the next election) but do not necessarily have long-term impact. Both AGC and Amii started out doing fundamental (“basic”) research, but now we are seeing the benefits of this foundational work. By applying these ideas to solve industrial applications (“applied” research) and creating new products, Albertans will now realize a major economic return from the Government’s investment.

It is important to give credit where credit is due. As academics we sometimes are guilty of taking research funding for granted and not being suitably appreciative of the faith that the funders are putting in our ability to deliver value. On behalf of the Faculty of Science at the University of Alberta, I want to express my deepest heart-felt thank you to the Government of Alberta for their vision, initiative, and stick-with-it-ness – for believing in the AGC and Amii through thick and thin. In my 33 years of academic experience, this kind of investment is the exception. I am delighted that the AGC and Amii research programs are realizing the potential seen in 2002 and delivering major returns to the Alberta taxpayer.

Multitasking Taxi Driver

Last month I was in Hong Kong and had a unique taxi experience. The driver had the vehicle traveling at high speed, darting left and right through busy traffic. But that's not the whole story. Look closely at the picture below. Mounted on the dashboard in front of him are seven (!) cell phones. While the vehicle was in motion, the driver's hands would dart forward (leaving the steering wheel) to push a button or type some text on the phones. As well he had earphones on and was conducting a phone call. Extreme multitasking? Or foolhardy time management?

We arrived safe, sound, and early. Whew!

Canada Must Focus Its AI Vision If It Wants to Lead the World

The following appeared in the Globe and Mail newspaper on March 3, 2017. Although I do not have time to do much research and write academic papers, I seem to be finding time to write editorial and opinion pieces for newspapers.

In McKinsey & Company’s Disruptive Technology, technologies containing artificial intelligence (AI) are expected to create tens of trillions of dollars in economic impact by the year 2025. Similarly, Gartner, Inc. lists machine learning (a subset of AI) as one of the top 10 strategic technology trends for 2017. Yet another technology fad? Perhaps, but it is hard to imagine any industry that won’t be affected by software applications with “smart” capabilities.

For several decades, Canada has been a global powerhouse in artificial intelligence research. The Universities of Alberta and Toronto and the Université de Montréal have world-class AI research centers, and several other universities have strong programs. With all the media attention that AI is suddenly getting, it is critical that Canada leverage this enormous technology asset.

AI technology has been widely deployed for over 20 years – but it is invisible to most people. Whether it is being used for credit card fraud detection (banking), online product recommendations (sales), or in computer games (entertainment), AI is already impacting the world. But the potential of new machine learning technology is so much greater. Soon we will see safe driverless cars, life-saving medical advances, and the Internet of things  – all powered by AI technology. But unless we do something about it, foreign companies will supply most of this technology to Canadians, even though key parts of it will have been invented in Canada.

Whereas AI in Canadian academia is world class, what can we say about the role of AI in Canadian industry? My AI research colleagues and I are challenged to identify even a few Canadian companies that employ ten or more AI specialists, yet it is easy to name numerous international companies that have hundreds of such employees, many of them graduates of our excellent AI programs. What does the rest of the world know that Canadian companies do not?

Montreal-based Maluuba is a rare example of a commercially successful Canadian AI company. It was recently purchased by Microsoft. This is reflective of the current state of our high-tech economy and a warning as to where we are going.

I have graduated 75 Masters and PhD students in my 33 years as a Professor at the University of Alberta. Less than half remain in Canada; few are employed in jobs that take advantage of their AI background. My colleagues have similar statistics. We train the best and the brightest only to watch them leave our country to enrich the rest of the world, or stay in Canada and likely work in a non-AI field of computing.

Now is the time for Canada to think big and act boldly. Canada has few major high-tech success stories to brag about. With AI, we have most of the ingredients for changing the world; now we need the winning recipe:

• Retain and grow the academic expertise. Non-Canadian companies and universities are increasingly targeting Canada’s AI talent, and with them the most valuable asset – intellectual property (IP).
• Grow the AI workforce. Our universities can feed ideas and graduates to industry, but Canadian industry has limited capacity to exploit this and innovate. We must create a larger and strategic receptor capacity in industry for AI expertise. With few innovative companies and high-quality job opportunities, our graduates leave.
• Promote entrepreneurship. Create an environment that encourages faculty and students to turn their research into new companies of products and services. Critical to success in this area is putting in place the local support and early-stage funding necessary to maximize the chances of market success. Make it easier to quickly launch, acquire funding, and build a successful business.
• Diversify the economy. AI technology will touch almost every aspect of industry. We can develop new products and services and export them to the world, but we need existing Canadian companies to invest in R&D areas that employ our AI talent. By doing so, we can help erase the 20th century stigma of our economy as one of commodity extraction and exportation. Our highly skilled workforce is not a resource to be extracted and then exported to the world. Move our resource-based economy to an idea-based economy
• Aspire to be the global leader in the area of artificial intelligence. Such bravado may seem un-Canadian. There’s nothing wrong with having a bold vision, as long as the country follows through with a bold implementation that’s oriented towards capturing wealth from the AI expertise we create for Canada.

None of this is hard; it just takes time, a mind-set change, and focused funding to make this happen. There is nothing novel or specific to artificial intelligence in the above recipe. Commercializing IP is how the new wealth is created in the 21st century global economy. Canada needs to be doing that across all sectors and industries.

It is tempting to throw money at this Canadian AI opportunity and hope that everything works out. By all means, start the process of putting the necessary funding in place (through federal, provincial, and industrial initiatives). However, reflection is needed to come up with a vision that maximizes the chances of achieving major economic outcomes for Canada.

History tells us that it a top down political approach is unlikely to succeed. Conversely, a purely academic-led initiative will not produce the commercialization to scale or marketable products and services that will have economic impact. The solution has to be one that creates a continuum between pure research (solutions looking for problems; long-term view) and applied research (problems looking for solutions; short-/medium-term view), and introduces policy strategies that support our best companies who are aiming to scale up globally.

Experience also tells us that a single national initiative is unlikely to be effective (centralized). Conversely, a combination of purely local solutions will lack vision and coordination (decentralized). The solution must be to work together under a national umbrella but have hyperlocal organization.

The end result must be to create, grow, and scale up Canadian companies globally and in the process bring significant private and public wealth to Canada. With innovative ideas and excellent graduates coming from our universities, the opportunities for industry innovation in this area will multiply. We can reset Canada’s future in artificial intelligence technology from extraction to attraction.

Jonathan Schaeffer
Fellow of the Associate for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta