The Longest Ongoing Experiment in Computing Science History

On August 31, 1970 a historic computer science event began. It happened in a downtown New York hotel as part of an academic conference. The event spanned three days, after which the participants returned home to various places in the United States. The event was billed as the First United States Computer Chess Championship, a seemingly futuristic competition that pitted computer against computer at the human game of chess. To some, it was humorous entertainment; to others it was a glimpse into the future potential for artificial intelligence (AI) technology.

The event attracted a smattering of media attention, but was novel enough that there was a quick decision to repeat it the following year. And the next year, and the year after that, and… The experiment that began in 1970 continues to this day.

Today, we can look retrospectively at fifty years of computer chess competitions and applaud the amazing progress that has been made. This includes advances in algorithms, hardware design, and software tools have allowed the AI community to make astonishing leaps forward, for chess in particular and games/puzzles (one-player games) in general. The work in using games for AI research had numerous benefits: ideas that propagated to non-game applications (such as transposition tables, iterative deepening, and Monte Carlo tree search); use as a pioneering experimental test-bed (e.g., for reinforcement learning, planning, and optimization); and as public demonstrations of the potential for superhuman performance (e.g., checkers, chess, go, and poker).

I was pleased to organize an effort to publish a special issue of the International Computer Chess Association Journal devoted to the first 50 years of computer chess tournaments, beginning with the first one in 1970 and continuing to the present day. Most of the contents are historical papers that help document the early days of computer chess. This is an important initiative to be doing now while many of the people who created the history are able to give their first-hand perspectives.

The papers in this issue are as follows:

• I write about the 1st United States Computer Chess Championship, held in New York in 1970. Enjoy the story of this historic event.
• David Slate co-authored Chess 3.0 (with Larry Atkin), the winner of the 1970 event. The Chess x.y series of programs dominated computer chess in the 1970s, including winning the 1977 World Championship. He tells us about the 1976 Paul Masson human chess tournament and the challenges he faced being the sole computer entry.
• Tony Marsland relates stories and events in his long computer chess career, including the Marsland CP’s participation in the 1970 event (his program was later called Wita and then Awit).
• Monty Newborn proposed the 1970 event to the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), organized the 1970 event, and was a frequent participant in the 1970s with Ostrich. His article analyzes the game results between the top programs over the past 50 years.
• David Levy was guest commentator and a participant at many of the ACM computer chess tournaments. He tells us about the important role that Benjamin Mittman played in computer chess and the International Computer Chess Association.
• Linda Scherzer reminisces about the chess machine Bebe, three-time runner-up in the World Computer Chess Championships (1983, 1986, 1989).
• Robert Hyatt talks about the evolution of Blitz to Cray Blitz (adding a supercomputer) to Crafty (open source). Cray Blitz won the 1983 and 1986 World Computer Chess Championships.
• Ulf Lorenz discusses the history of Hydra, a specially built chess machine that dominated computer chess in the early 2000s.
• Ingo Althöfer provides the little known history of computer chess in East Germany – before the wall came down in 1989.

Members of the International Computer Games Association (ICGA), formerly the International Computer Chess Association (ICCA), should be proud of the role that this organization played in making artificial intelligence and computer science history. Our contribution was through organizing annual computer chess tournaments, computer Olympiads (for a wide variety of games), research conferences, and the flagshipInternational Computer Games Association Journal.